Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: prepositions ?
↓Manner/Place→ | Bilabial | Labiodental | Dental | Alveolar | Palato-alveolar | Retroflex | Alveolo-palatal | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | ɱ | n | |||||||||
Stop | d | ɖ | c | k | q | |||||||
Implosive | ɓ | ɠ | ||||||||||
Affricate | ʦ | ʤ | ʨ ʥ | |||||||||
Fricative | β | ð | ç ʝ | χ | h | |||||||
Approximant | ɰ | |||||||||||
Trill | ʜ | |||||||||||
Lateral approximant | ʎ | ʟ | ||||||||||
Lateral flap | ɺ |
Co-articulated phonemes
↓Manner/Place→ | Labial-palatal | Labial-velar |
---|---|---|
Approximant | ɥ | w |
Vowel inventory:
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
High | iː | uː | |
Near-high | ɪ | ʊ | |
Low-mid | ɛ | ɜː | ʌ ɔː |
Pronunciation | Spelling |
---|---|
Singular | No affix dog
|
Plural | Prefix nuː- dogs
|
Ǵawkůvian has no definite article ‘the’, or indefinite article ‘a’.
Nominative | Accusative | |
---|---|---|
1st singular | I
|
me
|
2nd singular | you
|
you
|
3rd singular | he, she, it
|
him, her, it
|
1st plural | we
|
us
|
2nd plural | you all
|
you all
|
3rd plural | they
|
them
|
1st singular | my
|
2nd singular | your
|
3rd singular | his, her, its
|
1st plural | our
|
2nd plural | your (pl)
|
3rd plural | their
|
Present | No affix learn
|
Past | If starts with vowel: Prefix ɓ- Else: Prefix ɓaʊ̯- learned
|
Remote past | Prefix maɪ̯- learned (long ago)
|
Ǵawkůvian uses a standalone particle word for future tense:
Future | Particle before the verb: kaɪ̯ - will learn
|
Ǵawkůvian has a base-20 number system:
1 -
2 -
3 -
4 -
5 -
6 -
7 -
8 -
9 -
10 -
11 -
12 -
13 -
14 -
15 -
16 -
17 -
18 -
19 -
20 -
400 -
8000 -
Adjective → adverb = Suffix -ʌ
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = Suffix -ɛç
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʎʎoʊ̯
Else: Suffix -oʊ̯ʎʎoʊ̯
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = Prefix qaɪ̯-
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = Suffix -oʊ̯ʤ
Noun to verb = Suffix -iː
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = If starts with vowel: Prefix ɱ-
Else: Prefix ɱoʊ̯-
Tending to = If ends with vowel: Suffix -q
Else: Suffix -uːq
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Suffix -aɪ̯h
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʎ
Else: Suffix -uːʎ
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Prefix ɱiː-
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If starts with vowel: Prefix k-
Else: Prefix kiː-
Diminutive = If starts with vowel: Prefix w-
Else: Prefix wɛ-
Augmentative = Prefix aʊ̯-
Key: